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1. 14 Casing Specs Guide
2. 14 Casing Specs Chart

Casing is the major structural component of a well. It is a tubular steel product used to line the wellbore (maintain borehole stability), prevent contamination of water sands, isolate water from producing formations, and control well pressures during drilling, production, and workover operations. Casing provides locations for the installation of blowout preventers, wellhead equipment, production packers, and production tubing.

The cost of casing is a major part of the overall well cost, so the selection of casing size, grade, connectors, and setting depth is a primary engineering and economic consideration.

Casing Strings:

Since the well is normally drilled in segments, multiple concentric casing strings are usually installed in the well. There are six basic types of casing strings:

Conductor Casing:

The first casing installed in the well is called the conductor casing, as shown in the figure below. Onshore this is a short segment usually around 60 ft (20 m) long. The conductor isolates unconsolidated formations and water sands and protects against shallow gas. This is usually the string onto which the casing head is installed. Conductor casing is always cemented to surface.

Surface Casing:

Surface casing must be set deep enough to protect freshwater aquifers from contamination, and prevent lost circulation. Because of this, the surface casing is always cemented to surface. Surface casing depths typically vary between 1000 and 3000 ft (300-900 m).

Intermediate Casing:

Intermediate casing is set to isolate unstable hole sections, lost-circulation zones, low-pressure zones, and production zones. It is often set in the transition zone from normal to abnormal pressure. The casing cement top must isolate any hydrocarbon zones.

Some wells require multiple intermediate strings and some other wells do not have intermediate casing string.

Production Casing:

Production casing is used to isolate production zones and contain formation pressures. It may also be exposed to injection pressures from fracture jobs, gas lift, or water injection support. A good primary cement job is very critical for this string.

Liner:

Liner is a casing string that does not extend back to the wellhead but instead is hung from another casing string. Liners are used instead of full casing strings to reduce cost, improve hydraulic performance when drilling deeper, allow the use of larger tubing above the liner top, and not represent a tension limitation for a rig. Liners can be either an intermediate or a production string. Liners are typically cemented over their entire length.

Tieback String:

Tieback string is a casing string that provides additional pressure integrity from the liner top to the wellhead. An intermediate tieback is used to isolate a casing string that cannot withstand possible pressure loads if drilling is continued (usually because of excessive wear or higher than anticipated pressures). Similarly, a production tieback isolates an intermediate string from production loads. Tiebacks can be uncemented or partially cemented.

An example of a typical casing program that illustrates each of the specified casing string types is shown in the following figure.

Typical Casing Combination Strings:

A typical casing combination casing strings for a mature water-flooded field might be:

• 13-3/8″ (340 mm) Conductor
• 9-5/8″ (244 mm) Surface Casing
• 7″ (178 mm) Production Casing

For a deeper, higher pressured well a typical casing string might be:

• 16″ (406 mm) Conductor
• 13-3/8″ (340 mm) Surface Casing
• 9-5/8″ (244 mm) Intermediate Casing
• 7″ (178 mm) Production Casing
• 4-1/2″ (114 mm) Production Liner

Casing Specifications:

Casing is specified by grade, outer diameter (in or mm), nominal weight (lb/ft or kg/m) and connection type.

Steel Grade:

The grade reflects the material composition and yield strength of the casing material. API casing grades are listed in the table below:

Nominal Weight:

Nominal weight is the average linear weight of the tubing, connection included. It is expressed in lb/ft or kg/m and it determines the tubing wall thickness that in turn determines the nominal inner diameter.

Length:

Casing usually comes in lengths between 40 and 46 ft (12-14 m).

Inner Diameter:

Because the inner diameter is nominal, a guaranteed inner diameter called the drift diameteris also specified. The drift diameter is typically 1/8″ (3.2 mm) less than the nominal inner diameter. Equipment with a larger diameter than the drift diameter should not be run into a well.

Connection Type:

The connection is the type of thread used to connect the joints of casing. API thread types are short thread (STC), long thread (LTC), buttress and extreme line. A number of proprietary premium casing threads are also available.

Standards for Tubulars:

14 Casing Specs Guide

• API Bull 5C2, Performance Properties of Casing, Tubing, and Drill Pipe.
• API TR 5C3, Technical Report on Equations and Calculations for Casing, Tubing, and Line Pipe Used as Casing or Tubing; and Performance Properties Tables for Casing and Tubing.
• API Spec 5CT, Specification for Casing and Tubing.
• ISO 11960, Petroleum and natural gas industries –Steel pipes for use as casing or tubing for wells.
• ISO 11961, Petroleum and natural gas industries –Steel drill pipe.
• ISO 13679, Petroleum and natural gas industries –Procedures for testing casing and tubing connections.

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The 4L60E transmission has been in production for over twenty years, even longer if you consider the fact that it came from the 4L60 (700R4). the “E” at the end of 4L60 indicates that it is electronically controlled. 4L60E Identification can be quite the chore since the transmission has been in production for so long.

It is told exactly when to shift by the computer and it allows for more accurate conditions based shifting. It also allowed for more than one set of shift points to be programmed into the transmission, which allowed for tow haul mode in the trucks and high performance modes for muscle cars.

The 4L60E was utilized in cars and light duty trucks. The 4L80E was used for heavier duty trucks. When it was introduced, the original small-block Chevy engine was still in production, and it was retained for the LS Gen III line of engines. The 4L60E bellhousing can bolt to either engine, although you may need an adapter to get a Gen III transmission to bolt to Gens I and II and vice versa.

For the purposes of easy identification, we have broken the 4L60E into 4 distinct eras. These eras are easy to identify from the outside of the transmission. Really it’s 3 eras, with the fourth making sure that you aren’t getting a 700R4/4L60 by mistake.

Here are a few characteristics that all years share.

• ALL 4L60E transmission have a 12 pin connector from the harness. They can be purple or green depending on the year
• They all are shifted by the vehicles ECM
• They all have aluminum cases
• No changes in gearing

14 Casing Specs Chart

4L60E One Piece Case Identification: 93-97

The one-piece case 4L60E was produced from 1993 through 1997. This is the easiest way to identify it. The 4L60 is the latter model 700R4 transmission, only the name changed, if you think you may have a 700R4 look here to identify it. GM changed its naming nomenclature into a universal standard across all of its product line. The 4 stands for 4 speed, L is for Longitudinal (for a rear wheel drive vehicle), and 60 is the torque capacity. 60 is supposed to be for 600 pound feet of torque that this transmission can handle. Although, everyone would agree that the transmission got better as time went on.

If the transmission that you are looking at has a one-piece case, you’ll want to make sure that you don’t have a 700R4/4L60. In order to verify that you aren’t looking at a 700r4 you’ll need to verify that the transmission has a harness connection, and not a TV Cable. At that point you can be certain that you have identified a 4L60E.

If you have a one-piece case transmission and you’d like to confirm that It is a 4L60E you’ll need to look at the code on the transmission. The year code starts over every decade, but it’s not an issue because they have a two-piece case in the 2000’s. You can now jump down to the year identification guide. The 4L60E uses a dust cover similar to that used on the TH350 or TH400 transmissions.

• Four bolts connect the tail shaft (or transfer case) to the transmission.
• The vehicle speed sensor changed locations during the production run. From 1993 to 1995 (Corvette till 96’) it was on the driver’s side of the tail shaft. From 1996 and up it moved to the passenger side.
• There is an information sticker on top of the bell housing at the very top of the transmission. It is impossible to read with the transmission in the car. It is very easy to read. But, if you are looking at a transmission in the car, or if the sticker has been removed, you’ll find that it has also been machined into the passenger side of the transmission at the rear corner above the pan.
• These have the classic 6 bolt bellhousing like the other classic transmissions that came before it.
• This version, as well as the 96-99 4L60E use a 298mm input shaft/torque converter.

4L60E Two-Piece Case Identification: 1996-1999

The major difference between the two-piece case 4L60E versions, is that the bellhousing bolts have slightly different patterns. This case is made to bolt up to the older legacy engine bolt patterns, such as the small-block Chevy. 9 bolts connect the transmission to the engine, which is three more than the 93-97 version.

• Six bolts are now used to connect the tail shaft.
• They only have three different types of bell-housings in North America. The most common of these is the 90 degree V6 and V8 Bellhousing. There’s also a 60 degree V6 bellhousing as well. The last bellhousing type is the special Corvette adapter.
• This version, as well as the 93-97 4L60E use a 298mm input shaft/torque converter.
• The vehicle speed sensor is still on the passenger side of the tail-shaft.

2 Piece Case Identification: 2000 and Newer

The 2000 and newer model looks virtually identical to its 96-99 predecessor, but there were many improvements made to strengthen the transmission. The major physical change is to the transmission bellhousing, this was in order to allow it to bolt to the newer LS series of engines.

• Still maintains the six bolt pattern at the tail shaft.
• The entire length of the transmission is ¾” longer.
• The ECM connector is green from 2000-2005, and purple from 2006 and up. The 2006 and up have a black input shaft speed sensor.
• While still compatible with the 1955 and up bolt pattern, the new LS series engines added a bolt hole at the very top, which is reflected on this bellhousing
• The input shaft and torque converter are now 300mm, which means that they are no longer compatible with each other.

The 4L60E transmission is both the physical and spiritual successor to theTH700R4. It was the workhorse of the GM automatic transmissions at the turn of the century. It began replacing the 700R4 (which was then known as the 4L60) in 1997. They were both longitudinal transmissions with four forward gears and a reverse gear. The major difference between the two is the way the shifts are handled. The 4L60E uses computer control to shift. That is what the “E” stands for. Instead of just knowing the throttle position to guess engine load, the ECM uses the sensors in the engine to know exactly what kind of load it is under. This allows for optimal shifts under all conditions, which improved fuel economy and engine life.

Resources:

• Here is a great video on Youtube from a guy who really knows his stuff.
• Here is a link to a forum on LS1tech.com. It has all of the codes on it.
• This is the most commonly used transmission for an LS swap, due to it’s relative affordability and availability.

4L60E Specs

The gearing was a direct carry over from its predecessor. The 60 in its name refers to the fact that it was designed to handle 6000 pounds of gross vehicle weight. Although the acronym never changed, the 4L60E received continuous improvements throughout its existence. The later ones are certainly stronger.

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